Chinese Historiography: Need Some Help


I need a bit of help. I know a few of you out there have a pretty decent background in Chinese history and historiography. And I need some help filling in the blanks on Chinese historians and histories for two separate eras: Han and T'ang.

One, the Han (and Qin to a degree). Of course Ssu-ma Chien is the first and foremost historian of China, damn near contemporaneous to Herodotus. (And let me add a note that Ssu Ma Chien's chapters on the Xiongnu and the Western Regions of Bactria and Ferghana are as engrossing as Herodotus' descriptions of the Scythian's, which in my opinion is the best proto-anthropological writing in the ancient world.) So, chronologically where do the Shi Ji, Ho Han Shu and the Tseen Han Shu fit in? Am I missing other histories equally authoritative as Ssu-ma Chien? If so, why? What I am interested in is a short chronology of the major histories of the era that follow the Shi Ji of Ssu-ma Chien.

Second, I know absolutely nothing about T'ang historiography and could use a brief chronology of T'ang histories and/or historians. Can anyone help? Which histories are reliable, which aren't? (If you have anything on An Lu-shan I'd be greatful, but I do already have Pulleyblank and his biography from the Chiu T'ang Shu, which is helpful, but once you've grown to appreciate Ssu-ma Chien's excellence, well, the Chiu T'ang Shu bio is a bit of a let down.)

I'd be much obliged for any help you can offer.


Sean-Paul Kelley December 15, 2007 - 5:05pm
( categories: Histories )

It's been awhile since I've been out of academia and even longer since I've studied the Han Dynasty, though much of my coursework in graduate school had to do with early and medieval China, so I'll give my thoughts on this. Mark C. and others my have different views. First of all, the Shiji is the first of the three books you mentioned. It was written during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han by Sima Qian, continuing the work of his father, Sima Tan. There is a reason why it is different then most of the later official histories, which are histories of dynasties or parts of dynasties, usually written during the subsequent dynasties. Sima Qian's mission, as he saw it, was to write a history of everything up to his own time. But he wasn't simply recording facts in the sense of modern history; at least one of his tasks was to uncover the heroes of the past who had been forgotten, and once you know a little about his autobiography, it is difficult not to read his own situation into many of the historical events he relates. See, his boss, Emperor Wu, gave him the choice between death and castration. He chose castration, apparently so he could finish the Shiji. You can find an excellent account of this in Stephen Durant's The Cloudy Mirror: Tension and Conflict in the Writing of Sima Qian.
The Shiji is the model for all later official histories, but in my mind it has more literary value than most, and it's a lot more than history.

As Mark C. points out in the thread below, what you are calling Tseen Han Shu (Qian or Ch'ien are preferable to Tseen) is usually referred to as the Hanshu, or the History of the Former Han. As the title suggests, its focus is the Former or Western Han, when the capital was in Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an, though much larger, at least during the Tang, when it was also capital). The Houhanshu, written well after the fall of the Han, tells of the Later or Eastern Han, after the capital moved eastward to Luoyang. You can find a little more about other histories of the Han here.

I'm not as good with the Tang, since the Tang never interested me as much as some of the other periods. I don't know why that is. Sorry, I can't help to much with An Lushan.

I'm not sure I can say which histories are the most reliable, and I would never take the word of just one of the histories. Even the Shiji is not necessarily more reliable, though unlike most of the later histories, Sima Qian wrote at least some of it about his own time, and he allegedly visited many of the sites about which he wrote. As for the later histories, even though they were written during subsequent dynasties, they often use sources from the actual dynasties, though many of these sources either have not been translated into English, or are no longer extant. Hope this is helpful.

wulingren December 17, 2007 - 9:03am

“Is not our first thought to go on the road? The road is our source, our vault of treasures, our wealth. Only on the road does the ‘traveller’ feel like himself, at home.”
Ryszard Kapuscinski

Sean-Paul Kelley December 18, 2007 - 2:38pm

Here I was as a layman, enjoying without finding much familiar ground, when Sima Qian's name gave me a "ping" - I read "War Lords" several times, many, many years ago, in the context of studying strategy. Can you tell me where that fits in to this picture?


"The best-informed man is not necessarily the wisest. Indeed there is a danger that precisely in the multiplicity of his knowledge he will lose sight of what is essential."

- Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Escher Sketch December 18, 2007 - 5:24pm

Again, I trail in Wulingren's wake and sweep up the few crumbs left for me. Mostly I can just agree -- Shiji was around 100 B.C.E. and I think Hanshu is usually dated to shortly after 100 C.E.

The difference with Shiji is that Shiji was largely a private compilation done by an idiosyncratic and brilliant compiler who loved a good story. By the Hanshu and then in the time of the Tang things are pretty much in aspic and it is the business of each new dynasty to produce a history of the previous one. Two good sources are Historians of China and Japan by W. G. Beasley and E. G. Pulleyblank (1961) and for histories and Chinese reference in general there is Chinese History: A Manual, Revised and Enlarged by E. Wilkinson (2000).

For the Tang, there is Denis Twitchett's The Writing of Official History under the T'ang (2002) as a supplement to his volume 3 of the Cambridge History (Volume 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part One, 1979).

MarkC December 27, 2007 - 2:42pm

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