Recreating Long Lost Drama: The Xiongnu and the Han, 200BC


I'm immensely frustrated right now. Perhaps writing out my frustrations will help. The question I'm facing right now is how to bring out the inherent drama of an event that took place more than two thousand years ago and is little known in the West.

Here's the thumbnail version: in about 200BC the newly crowned Han emperor, Gao Tzu, led a huge army north into the Ordos Loop to punish a wayward vassal and push the Xiongnu, a possibly Altaic or Turkish or Tungus or Khitan or even Indo-Iranian, tribe of nomads who some scholars believe were proto-Huns, out of territory once under the sovereignty of the Qin Empire, which the Han emperor had recently reunited.

Gao Tzu fell prey to the Xiongnu's typical nomadic, or rather Parthian tactics as we know them in the West, of falling back in feigned retreat. Rushing headlong into the breach, as it were, Gao Tzu soon found himself and his massive Han army surrounded by swarms of Xiongnu and battered by a Siberian blizzard. On these points all the Chinese sources, from Ssu Ma Chien to the Tseen Han Shu agree. As to the rest, it's a historian's nightmare. Names of the protagonists are used sparingly, Gao Tzu and Mao Tun being the two primary actors mentioned. Few others are mentioned and when they are, authors such as Edward Parker, Thomas Barfield, Burton Watson (translator of Ssu Ma Chien) and Wylie (translator of the Tseen Han Shu) use Pinyin or Wade-Giles transliterations of places and names that create a veritable Gordian Knot of horrific proportions.

So I find myself stuck somewhere in the freezing cold of an early winter in the Ordos Loop of China, trying in vain to decipher the Chinese Annalists of the time (no mean feat, mind you as the Chinese have a very different way of telling their history). What this means is that I lose valuable writing time and inspiration trying to decipher and correlate names, locating places and pinning down dates. Believe me, I'd much rather be writing, but heaven forbid I get my facts wrong. That's a huge no-no.

Any way, just thought I would share.

Nota Bene: Heck, I forgot to mention that the Silk Road was indirectly born out of Gao Tzu's campaign against the Xiongnu, in case you were wondering why you should give a scrap about such an obscure event.


Sean Paul Kelley December 12, 2007 - 4:01pm
( categories: Analysis | Histories )

that actually sounds like fun. But I can be a little weird sometimes...

Bolo December 12, 2007 - 4:46pm

You need to refocus your travel plans on recreating Henry the Navigators' exploration results - warm seas, tropical paradises, palm trees, etc...the cannibals are about extinct, and most of the really unpleasant diseases treatable...body parts take some time to ewither & drop off...

This focus on land explorations, just to cold, too dusty or too hot.

Synoia December 12, 2007 - 7:14pm

Just put an innocent little kid into the role of reluctant hero. Add an apparently invincible killer tracking him, and maybe a chase scene with an 18 wheeler and a Harley and you're good as gold.

Gordon December 12, 2007 - 10:36pm

could throw in some Bactrian Camels and maybe an elephant or two?

“Is not our first thought to go on the road? The road is our source, our vault of treasures, our wealth. Only on the road does the ‘traveller’ feel like himself, at home.”
Ryszard Kapuscinski

Sean Paul Kelley December 12, 2007 - 10:57pm

there are some blowguns and a couple of zombies afflicted with Kuru. Nothing like laughing dead people chasing you to make things lively.


"I beseech you in the bowels of christ think it possible you may be mistaken."

Scott M December 12, 2007 - 11:27pm

of history, when it comes to the influence of China on the developpement of the "Indo-Occidental world" and a lot to learn from
Chinese sources, probably the only place where we can still find some record.
Go for it S-P.

Jelco Cathlon December 12, 2007 - 11:44pm

First of all, you want to have a good Wade-Giles/pinyin coversion tool like
http://www.library.ucla.edu/eastasian/ctable2.htm
http://www.library.ucla.edu/eastasian/ctable3.htm
http://www.mandarintools.com/pyconverter.html

Second, make sure you're using the new version of Watson's Shiji translation, which uses pinyin: Records of the Grand Historian, the three volume edition. But also use Twitchett and Loewe's Cambridge History of China, the Ch'in and Han Dynasty.

Finally, for Han history and background two good recent books are:
Lewis, The Qin and Han Empires
Csikszentmihalyi, Readings in Han Cninese Thought

MarkC December 13, 2007 - 1:44am

decent from an analytical perspective, but as a narrative of evetns it is distinctly lacking, although that is not what Lewis was trying to do. Yes, I have the three volume new edition of Watson's Shi Ji. Rather excellent, especially the chapters on Bactria, the Xiongnu and the Western Regions. The book on the Qin is a little difficult at first, and for the beginning I would recommend reading Lewis first and then attacking Burton's first volume of the Shi Ji.

I don't have access to Twitchett and Loewe right now, but anticpiate getting my hands on the Cambridge soon.

As I side note, I have almost completed buying the full Cambrige Hisotry of Iran. All from Abebooks, and bought all volumes for under $60 too! Sweet prices.

“Is not our first thought to go on the road? The road is our source, our vault of treasures, our wealth. Only on the road does the ‘traveller’ feel like himself, at home.”
Ryszard Kapuscinski

Sean Paul Kelley December 13, 2007 - 2:06pm

That's great -- and the Cambridge should be very useful. Here are a couple of other things that might help with Han military history:

Michael Loewe, "Chapter Six: Military Titles and the command of the armed forces" in The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to A Bibliographical Dictionary of the Qin Former Hand ands Xin Periods (Leiden, Brill, 2004): 176-207.

Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden: Brill, 1979.

Also, Yuri Pines' review of Di Cosmo is a good one:

http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Migration/reviews/pines.html

Sounds like quite a project you've embarked on! If you need any help with the Chinese histories, feel free to ask (I use them a lot in my own work -- which is more on religion).

MarkC December 13, 2007 - 5:51pm

Ho Han Shu or the Tseen Han Shu? I'm assuming it's the Ho Han Shu, but perhaps I am mistaken. If it is the Ho Han Shu I would note that there is a guy on the internet who has an amazing annotated version of the Ho Han Shu, and a translation. I'll try and find the link. Plus, I may hit you on on a chat. I've got some questions about religious transmissions and some questions on the great T'ang Buddhist traveler. How's your T'ang history?

“Is not our first thought to go on the road? The road is our source, our vault of treasures, our wealth. Only on the road does the ‘traveller’ feel like himself, at home.”
Ryszard Kapuscinski

Sean Paul Kelley December 13, 2007 - 8:06pm

What wulingren said. It is the Hanshu (aka, Qian Han shu). And the relation between Shiji and Hanshu is a contested one. If I remember the Hulsewe translation is centrally interested in the very question, although I don't recall that I found its answer convincing!

MarkC December 14, 2007 - 3:13pm

You might also check William Nienhauser's translations of Sima Qian. Have you consulted Nicola Di Cosmo?

http://www.amazon.com/Ancient-China-its-Enemies-Nomadic/dp/0521543827

The Barfield book on the same Amazon page looks like it might also be helpful.

As for the romanization problem, there really isn't any easy way around it. Probably the easiest way to cope with it is to memorize the Pinyin and Wade-Giles spellings, or keep a chart with the two in front of you.

wulingren December 14, 2007 - 4:32am

read about half of it and it is an excellent study, but not quite what I am looking for right now, although I have cited it twice in the book thus far.

“Is not our first thought to go on the road? The road is our source, our vault of treasures, our wealth. Only on the road does the ‘traveller’ feel like himself, at home.”
Ryszard Kapuscinski

Sean Paul Kelley December 14, 2007 - 2:27pm

Hulsewe and Loewe should be a translation of the Qianhanshu if it is the History of the Former Han. The Houhanshu would be the History of the Latter Han. There is a reason why the Qianhanshu agrees with Sima Qian's Shiji: it is probably the same or based on the same account. The Qianhanshu copies the Shiji in many places.

wulingren December 14, 2007 - 4:42am

“Is not our first thought to go on the road? The road is our source, our vault of treasures, our wealth. Only on the road does the ‘traveller’ feel like himself, at home.”
Ryszard Kapuscinski

Sean Paul Kelley December 14, 2007 - 2:27pm

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