The Return of the Bond Vigilantes


Were you excited a few weeks ago when US mortgage rates fell to record lows of 4.75%? President Obama was. He urged struggling homeowners to refinance their mortgages, and whether it was at his urging or not, there was a refinancing rush and even a few people wanting to actually buy a home.

How did rates get so low in the first place? There was a little bit of government engineering and a large amount of market manipulation by the Treasury and the Federal Reserve to achieve these low, low rates. At first, the government had the wind behind its back, because in the first quarter investors were so concerned about credit defaults in the private sector they flocked to buy Treasuries as the only safe instrument available. This drove long term interest rates on Treasuries into the 3% range, and mortgage rates – which trade higher than US government paper – followed in the same path down.

As for the manipulation part, Ben Bernanke had the Fed begin buying Treasuries on the open market. As fast as Barack Obama could announce a new bailout program funded by Treasury borrowing, the Fed was there to mop up all that new paper. Eventually the Fed purchases are expected to total $1.2 trillion.

At first, this program worked. “It doesn’t pay to fight the Fed” is one of the most honored maxims in the market, so traders stood out of the way of this 800 pound gorilla and watched interest rates sink to record lows on 10, 20, and 30 year government paper. A few negative voices were heard complaining about the long term inflation implications of all this new Treasury debt. The Obama fiscal expansion, followed by the unprecedented fiscal expansion under Bush II, has no parallel for sheer size in modern finance. Whenever such an enormous expansion of fiscal deficits has occurred in other countries, the results have been disastrous: a collapse in overseas buyers for the paper, a decline of the currency on the exchange markets, and then much higher interest rates for the country involved.

But the United States is not just any country. It provides the reserve currency for the world, and that gives it special privileges, such as the “flight to quality” benefit which sees investors clamoring for Treasuries when international political or finance tensions arise. The question has always been: how long will these special privileges last? Is there some point where international investors get tired of an endless supply of new US Treasuries?

One answer to this question is already available; the US would not have had to institute a $1.2 trillion buyback program by the Federal Reserve if the market still loved our paper as much as it did a year or two ago. It is never a healthy sign when the biggest buyer of new government debt is another branch of that same government. That doesn’t fool people for very long.

The confirmation that the US has a problem in the markets came last week. It started with the announcement that the Standard & Poor’s bond rating service had placed U.K. government paper on a watch list for a potential downgrade of its AAA rating. This was a pretty shocking development, because it is hard for investors to imagine that a country as important as the United Kingdom might no longer be among the most credit-worthy in the world.

Then, the managers at PIMCO, a California bond fund that is one of the biggest in the market, said that eventually the United States too would lose its AAA rating at the current pace of borrowing. This was even more shocking. Prices for US Treasuries sank instantly in the market, forcing yields much higher in one of the worst single day collapses of Treasury prices in history.

And those fabled 4.75% mortgage rates? Gone for good. The mortgage market froze up completely. Nobody knew what to quote for a home mortgage refinancing or for a new mortgage, but if you could find a quote it was more like 5.85%, which is right back to where the market was two or three years ago. Only this time, there are no liars loans or gimmicky no-down-payment loans available. Mortgage banks have gone back to traditional standards. To get any sort of mortgage these days, you have to show up with a 20% cash down payment, impeccable documentation of your income and assets, a credit score of 740 minimum (which only 2% of the population has), and if you have all this there is a 45 day waiting period for approval. And this is for conforming loans only – the types that can be sold on to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, now arms of the federal government. If you have a jumbo mortgage, your rates start at 8%.

All those applications for 4.75% mortgages are in limbo and heading for oblivion. If a mortgage bank was foolish enough to lock in this rate for a potential borrower, it is sitting on a big loss. A few banks did in fact do this on the belief that the Fed would do another one of its Treasury buying sprees and push rates back down to 4.75%, but now few people think the next Fed’s purchase is going to move the market that much. People are beginning to see the United States as a heroin addict that is trying to deal with its habit by switching to methadone. The habit is still there whether the addict is getting its fix in one or another form.

So much for yet another failed government rescue program. The bond vigilantes – the fabled overseas investors in Treasuries who can be quite fickle – have won this battle, and they didn’t have to do much to win, just sit back and do nothing at all. When that happens, the gaping maw that is the US appetite for debt is open wide for everyone to see, and the picture isn’t pretty.

Where this is heading is equally ugly. There will be occasional recoveries for the Treasury markets, and the Fed can push rates back down, but only for awhile and with less bang for the buck at every attempt. That means that interest rates for the US will continue to notch higher, making it that much harder for consumers and business in this country to find credit. This is how Argentina, Uruguay and many other profligate spenders were brought to sanity. At some point a country has to finance itself, either by selling goods or services that foreigners want to buy, or by reducing its standard of living. The second option is the only immediate answer available for the US, and that is why historians may well look back at the past two weeks as the first step in a highly painful adjustment to reality that will affect all Americans.


Numerian May 29, 2009 - 8:14am

either by selling goods or services that foreigners want to buy, or by reducing its standard of living.

Taking what you want because you have the biggest guns. We are approaching a banana republic, after all.

Tim May 29, 2009 - 9:51am

It also signals the beginning of the end of Obama's recovery program.
As quickly as the federal government pumps money into the economy, it will be readsorbed by the Bond Holders in interest.

All that was accomplished over the past year or two was to push the reckoning into the future, and make the adjustment more vicious when it happens. It's like charging one's mortgage payments on one's credit card. It ends badly when the credit limit kicks in.

The US standard of living will also fall becuase of the downward pressure on wages from 3 to 4 billion asians, hungry for work.

Synoia May 29, 2009 - 11:50am

As an unalienable Right must be re-defined pronto. That idea has gotten us into deep doo-doo. For each of us, a re-definition of happiness should be more analogous to the third world's view of meaning 'survival', ours being economic, and not to 'accumulating mounds of useless stuff that we can show off'. For sure until we dig ourselves out of this mess (say 50 years or so?).

"All I know is just what I read in the newspapers." - Will Rogers

readr satx May 29, 2009 - 3:42pm

The best place to put your money? the big question is when will the US default on interest payments on its debt? will they try to pay their creditors in dollars? what will the dollar be worth towards the end of the nominal 30 years of these 30 year treasury bonds that now have to be offered at over 4 % to make them sell?
I am sorry, I am abjectly sorry and apologetic to my children and theirs. They will bear a staggering debt. Did Obama have a choice given how totally fucked our banks and long subsidized auto industrry were allowed to become?
Would failure of the mega banks REALLY mean I could not borrow money? No. the repackaged dung of ARM mortgages has already gone down the toilet but the little bank in my neighbor hood that did not seek glitzy riches and hung on to its lending guidelines is still solvent. It will still talk to me if I have income or a good risk proposition.

let the car giants fail. they have failed us by lobbying for the worst leadership our country could have...their demise won't just be good for the environment. Let the megabanks fail. They make nothing that you or I can eat, wear or live in and they no longer loan to those who could make such things. Let them fail and see if their bosses, workers and CEOs can find a job doing something honest and useful. We have been told that if they fail they will take us all down. That is a mistake or a lie depending on whom you listen to. Those failures would force us into a new economic direction but it is not possible to go in a worse direction than we have recently.

So, the big question is, will treasuries keep up with inflation? HOw will you know it is time to dump your US bonds? Bonds, after all will be how a citizen gets back his money that his government has stupidly obliged itself to give away.

The US basically only taxes income. Could one have a large valuable collection of low-paying assets, live modestly and ride out the debt-storm that we all see coming? The bastards congress wouldn't start taxing assets the way counties and cities do. would it?

Freedom is not more important than fairness, just easier to sell and a lot easier to fake.

greensmile May 29, 2009 - 7:52pm

They have an huge appetite for money to feed an imperial military.

Synoia May 29, 2009 - 10:27pm

Check out this article at HuffPost:

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/29/dem-lawmakers-ask-fed-to_n_209066.html

It talks about the overdraft racket run by the big banks. They attach a feature to your account without your asking, allowing you to go overdrawn on your debit card or ATM card. They charge preposterous fees of $29 or higher for each overdraft. Then they rig the system to almost guarantee you will get an overdraft. The way they do that is to line up all your debits and process them instantly the minute they appear, the largest one always first. This can happen 9:00 at night even though the bank is closed. But your credits don't get processed on the same basis. They can be delayed for days. There are many known cases of people paying hundreds of dollars of overdrafts for an overdraft of less than a dollar.

The inherent interest rate being charged in these cases is in excess of 1,000%. The banks are estimated to have earned last year over $37 billion in fees from this "business."

So why is it so essential to save the banks from failures of their own making?

Numerian May 30, 2009 - 12:52am

I would have missed it without this analysis.

The administration needs to learn what "quid pro quo" means. A housing market dependent on 740 credit scores is beyond strange, it's intellectually dishonest.

Thanks for the comment on bank fees. I'm surprised how little is written on this in MSM. Some major portion of bank profits are based o on late fees. The 20 somethings are the hardest hit. No wonder a plurality of that group favors "socialism" over capitalism.

Excellent post!

Michael Collins May 30, 2009 - 3:36am

..., from Wikipedia, "Rukeyser was famous for his pun-filled humor, and for trying to get investors to ignore the short term gyrations and think long term. In answering a letter on investing in a hairpiece manufacturer, he quipped that "if your money seems to be hair today and gone tomorrow, we'll try to make it grow back by giving the bald facts on how to get your investments toupee."

I always loved his pun and methaphor filled monologues. And I don't recall Lou ever uttering the word "bond" without attaching the word "ghouls" behind it. As in, "The stock market," such and such, "meanwhile, the 'bond ghouls'," such and such. I never quite understood why..., but seeing Numerian use the phrase "bond vigilantes" inspired me to look up "ghoul" in the dictionary.

ghoul: a spirit which robs graves and devours corpses.

I wish Lou was still around..., but then again..., his take on the current financial situation and where it is headed might be too macabre for me.

Scott R. May 30, 2009 - 10:58am

Brad Setzer: Record demand, record angst

Follow The Money, By bsetser, May 29

The bond market vigilantes are (supposedly) back. And this time, they aren’t just Wall Street traders. America’s foreign creditors are no longer willing to provide endless amounts of long-term credit to the US at low rates. So argues Mark MacQueen of Austin, Texas- based Sage Advisory Services (via Bloomberg):

“The vigilante group is different this time around … It’s major foreign creditors. This whole idea that we need to spend our way out of our problems is being questioned.”

From all this talk, you would never know that the world is actually still buying record amounts of US Treasuries. In fact, Treasuries are the only US financial asset that the rest of the world is still buying in large quantities. Demand for Agencies — and asset backed securities — has fallen off a cliff. Demand for equities has been anemic (though the last data point comes from March). By contrast, the 52 week increase in the New York Fed’s custodial holdings is way, way up.

[...]

To be sure, not all is well.

Foreign central bank demand is still concentrated at the short-end of the curve,* and the US is issuing more long-dated bonds.


And a widely-cited (well, to my eyes) piece by Tim Duy: A Return to a Nasty External Dynamic?

Tim Duy's Fed Watch, By Tim Duy, May 28

At the moment, the economic dynamic is exceedingly complicated. An understatement, I fear. The crosscurrents in the data and the markets are treacherous, and I suspect will have Fed officials scratching their heads. Hold steady with existing plans? Step up the liquidity provisions? More actively engage plans to tighten policy? The latter option seems almost inconceivable; for the moment, the debate will focus on the issue of further easing. At this point, I think the Fed will sit tight, allowing further easing to come from the already active TALF program, rather than expanding outright purchases of Treasuries.

The core issue is the steep rise in Treasury yields, which apparently were kept in check only by the expectation that the Fed would continued to gobble up the endless stream of securities issues by the US Treasury. The Fed sank that hypothesis at the last FOMC meeting, and a subsequent statement by Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke made clear that the Fed does not have a 3% target on 10 year Treasury yields. Since then, yields have climbed as high as 3.75% before prices rebounded today, bringing yields down to 3.61%. Should we be concerned with the gains?

[...]

Bottom Line: I want to believe that the rapid reversal of Treasury yields is a benign, even positive, event. This is likely the Fed's view; consequently, the will hold steady on policy. Challenging this benign view is that the reversal appears to be lock step with a return to dynamics seen in 2007 and 2008 - exceedingly low US rates encouraging Dollar outflows, stepping up the pace of foreign central bank reserve accumulation and putting upward pressure on key commodity prices. I worry that policymakers have forgotten the external dynamic that was hidden by the crisis induced flight to Dollars last fall. Indeed, capital outflows (indicated by a foreign central bank effort to reverse those flows) would signal that much work still needs to be done to curtail US consumption to bring the global economy back into balance. Policymakers are unprepared for this possibility.


They sicken of the calm, who knew the storm.

Raja May 31, 2009 - 12:25pm

He is, as you say, used to the Fed bailing him out too. They bought into his PPIP idea and just as it is approved, mortgage rates start heading up, making it questionable why anyone would buy toxic waste if the housing market recovery is threatened. Still, that does not explain the PIMCO comments about the AAA rating for the US. Maybe he wasn't expecting them to get much attention, but unfortunately they came out at the same time S&P put the UK on credit watch.

The Fed does appear confused and concerned about the yield curve changes of the past few weeks. It seems there is a contingent of economists or governors who see this as a good thing. They are taking the traditional view that an up-sloping yield curve is a harbinger of economic growth, so they've got the Board puzzling over whether high yields on the long end are good or bad. In such confusion, the Fed usually does nothing.

Maybe, however, an up-sloping yield curve means something different in deflationary times. Maybe it is a sign that the economy is sinking, not expanding. The short end - where the Fed can operate - is low by government policy and is helping no one in the economy but the banks that supposedly can short fund their way to prosperity. Unfortunately it will take many years for this gift to generate enough profit for the banks to start lending again. The long end - where the Fed has little influence - is responding to the huge amounts of new supply coming from the Treasury. There is probably also a response to the doubling of the Fed balance sheet with dubious assets - this is part of the concern over the loss of the AAA rating. The fact that the Chinese are shifting their reserves to the short end also explains the collapse of bond prices on the long end. Obviously there are not many private sector buyers out there to replace the Chinese, and the PIMCOs of this world have more than enough Treasuries already.

I can look at this situation technically and say that the move down in prices is nothing more than the usual correction one gets when a market spikes up out of nowhere. Treasury bond prices went too high, too fast, according to this argument, so there is nothing surprising about this correction. But in the world of government policy, this doesn't give you any comfort. The Fed is buying Treasuries to keep mortgage yields low and to reignite the housing market. They are failing in both objectives. That is the bottom line.

Numerian June 1, 2009 - 10:22am

Naked Capitalism, By Yves Smith, June 1

Lordie, if this Reuters article is to be taken at face value, the Fed is even more detached from reality than I feared. The Fed does not understand why the Treasury bond market had a mini-panic last week. Is it that investors believe the “green shoots” story and are seeking riskier assets? Or is it that they are worried about burgeoning Treasury auctions and a possible fall in the dollar?

Note there is another theory, that it was Fannie and Freddie moves to manage their duration risk that caused the mess. However, it did appear that the selloff in the dollar and longer Treasuries was triggered by Standard & Poors’ announcement that it was putting the UK on negative watch, meaning it is at risk of losing its AAA rating.

While both factors, a shift to riskier assets and worries about a tsunami-like incoming tide of Treasuries, bizarrely, are in play, from what I can tell, the second, the fear of the growing Treasury calendar, is the big driver. Look, the Chinese have done everything but put up a billboard in Time Square to let the US know that it is not happy about US fiscal deficits (really, it ought to be, they need the economy to be something other than prostrate) and has moved aggressively to the short end of the yield curve.

[...]

Yves here. The funniest bit of the piece is a part I omitted, where the Fed types figured that the jump in yields couldn’t be due to the big supply, after all, that had been known for some time. Gods, they actually believe that rational expectations stuff. People are inertial, and Bill Gross and his buddies have believed that the Fed would protect him, since it has done such a good job until now.


They sicken of the calm, who knew the storm.

Raja June 1, 2009 - 6:51am

Bloomberg, By Daniel Kruger & Susanne Walker, June 1

For all the hand-wringing over the dollar’s slide, the expanding U.S. deficit and the nation’s AAA credit rating, the bond market shows international demand for American financial assets is as high as ever.

The Federal Reserve’s holdings of Treasuries on behalf of central banks and institutions from China to Norway rose by $68.8 billion, or 3.3 percent, in May, the third most on record, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The Treasury said bidding from foreigners was above average at its $101 billion of note auctions last week.

U.S. government securities have tumbled 4.3 percent so far this year, the worst performance since Merrill Lynch & Co. began tracking returns in 1978, as so-called bond vigilantes drove up yields to punish President Barack Obama for quadrupling the budget shortfall to $1.85 trillion. The purchases by foreigners show that, at least for now, there’s little chance of buyers abandoning the U.S. or threatening the dollar’s status as the world’s reserve currency.

“The U.S. Treasury market is the widest, deepest, most actively traded market in the world,” said Jeffrey Caughron, an associate partner in Oklahoma City at The Baker Group Ltd., which advises community banks investing $20 billion of assets. “There’s really no other game in town.”


They sicken of the calm, who knew the storm.

Raja June 1, 2009 - 7:03am

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