The Bradley Effect and why Obama didn't do as well as he polled


Looks like Andrew Sullivan has brought up something we've been talking about here at the Agonist for a while: the prospensity of folks to lie to pollsters about voting for a black person, because they feel a bit ashamed of their racism, then going out and not voting for them.

It's called the Bradley effect and a lot of people thought it had faded. But New Hampshire suggests it may not have. One data point doesn't make a case, but the thing I always come back to is the infamous study where blacks with the exact same resumes as whites got one third less interview requests.(pdf)

America's a racist society and acknowledging that is just dealing with the world as it is, rather than the way we'd like it to be. I hope the Bradley effect isn't what happened in New Hampshire and I hope that America is ready for a black president. We'll see if there are significant gaps between polls and end-results elsewhere. If there are, the Bradley effect may still be alive and kicking--with Obama on the receiving end.

I'm not a fan of Obama's, but the Bradley effect would be a very sad and unfair way for him to lose the nomination.

Photo Credit: Alison Harger


Ian Welsh January 9, 2008 - 12:48am
( categories: USA: Campaign 2008 )

Can you think of a prediction that this theory would make? A prediction that, if not fulfilled, would falsify the explanation? Why would not be the same for voting for a woman? America is a sexist society...

creativelcro January 9, 2008 - 1:18am

the social sciences tend to deal in probability. So if it happens in a lot of states, it's probably still going on, if it doesn't, there was probably some other explanation. But it can be very hard to isolate variable in complex social situations like this, especially when people are lying to you, so you can't use self-reporting.

But simply put -- if there keep being gaps, this thesis has explanatory power and if you can't find another thesis that explains it, then it's probably true.

We'll see.

Ian Welsh January 9, 2008 - 1:21am

as to why Obama might feel such an effect more strongly than Hillary: 51% of Americans are women, whereas only 13% of Americans are black.

So that leaves 49% (males) who could potentially tell pollsters they support Hillary but then not vote for her out of some level of misogyny. Obama's up against 87% of Americans who could potentially lie about supporting him and then not vote for him due to the color of his skin. Of course, women can be misogynists and black people can discriminate against other black people, but I think the total number in those categories is pretty small as a proportion of the population.

To put it another way: There are more people who can "other" Obama because of the color of his skin than can do the same to Hillary because of her gender.

I'm aware that this is a radically simplified picture that takes group identity to the extreme when reality is much more complicated... but hey, that's what a lot of theories do anyway. It's only a model :).

Bolo January 9, 2008 - 1:44am

I was about to say, "I think you may be underestimating the number of women who believe their place is in the kitchen, and only men should lead," but then I realized these people wouldn't be voting in the Democratic primary anyway.

JoeNotCharles January 9, 2008 - 10:20am

Obama and Huckabee were in the late polls predicted to take Iowa, and they did.

What time / place other than New Hampshire are you referring to as evidence that Obama doesn't do as well as he's polled? I think the pollsters were under the influence when they put out the Obama wipes Clinton numbers yesterday for New Hampshire.

There are a lot of ('hem )no longer young people who always show up to vote in New Hampshire.

Or are you referring to black contenders in general?


1."George Washington did not cross the Delaware for Capitalism," -Shmuley Boteach.
2.The Dems haven't punished the GOP enough, so you're going to reward the Republicans?

nymole January 9, 2008 - 1:41am

bradley effect. There have only been two states so far, and I specifically noted that it's only one possible explanation and we need more data points to know however it's a phenomenon that pollsters are well aware of.

You are free to suggest other possibilities.

Ian Welsh January 9, 2008 - 1:48am

It does explain some previous black candidate losses, but I don't see that in Iowa, Obama won by a smaller percent than predicted - but then it's such a free-for-all process there.


1."George Washington did not cross the Delaware for Capitalism," -Shmuley Boteach.
2.The Dems haven't punished the GOP enough, so you're going to reward the Republicans?

nymole January 9, 2008 - 2:03am

is a caucus state, and the Brandley effect does not take hold. You are voting openly so what you say matches what you do.

In New Hampshire, the vote is cast in private. So you can say one thing and secretly do another. That could not happen in Iowa.

Scotjen61 January 9, 2008 - 12:53pm

- eom


"The best-informed man is not necessarily the wisest. Indeed there is a danger that precisely in the multiplicity of his knowledge he will lose sight of what is essential."

- Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Escher Sketch January 9, 2008 - 2:01pm

How would their fellow caucasers know what they told pollsters about how they intended to vote?


“I despise ideologues masquerading as objective journalists.” - Bill O'Reilly, March 30, 2007

Mark January 9, 2008 - 9:19pm

There are too many reasons why this is a cheap shot at Americans and American voters. The simplest reason is that the vote situation was extremely volatile. After Iowa there was an enormous shift towards Obama. At least that's what the press was telling us. Oh. Let's not forget - the woman hating press. That's a given whereas the implied "Bradley effect" is a hypothesis or even more likely a planted smear.

Obama has been running on race and at the same time having his handlers scream racism whenever anyone dares to point out that fact. Geez! The man is opposed to affirmative action. People can oppose him without being racist. People can actually come back to reality from a media driven Iowa caucuses wave. People can go with an anti-media driven tear induced wave and see that Hillary Clinton was, and has been for years, maligned and smeared for being a woman. Maybe those voters wanted to feel good about themselves and vote for the first American woman president.

Ask yourself this. Everyone believes that Obama is a certainty to win the South Carolina primary. Why is that? Is it racist? Is it based on race. Should that be called racist? Again, Obama is against affirmative action.

Race is a factor in America (as it is everywhere in the world). So is sex. So is wealth. There's got to be much more proof than an Andrew Sullivan (he's probably squeezing his butt cheeks right now in self satisfaction) post before I'll take that sort of smear seriously. People can actually vote for someone other than Barack Obama without being racist. They can even change their mind, twice, on short notice, especially when the platform differences are intentionally slight between the two current leaders.

The sad fact is that the only thing progressive about Clinton and Obama is that they both have to pretend to follow Edwards' progressive platform or they'd be left in the dust. Two con artist pseudo-progressives, both heavily funded by America's mega-wealthy, are leading in the run for the nomination and we're supposed to be worried about racism and sexism as unconscious factors.

Amos Anan January 9, 2008 - 1:50am

protest too much.

Ian Welsh January 9, 2008 - 1:54am

I see it as the contemplation of a trend--one which has yet to really show itself and may not appear at all. It is speculation about whether or not a phenomenon observed elsewhere in American life will become apparent on the national stage during the primaries.

Bolo January 9, 2008 - 1:59am

Great post. The two Dem front-runners' race and gender conveniently distract us from the fact that both Clinton and Obama are, at best, center right candidates.

zyryab January 9, 2008 - 8:56am

As long as Obama is still on his metaphorical feet, racism is going to be a major factor in this campaign, but I wouldn't be surprised a bigger factor this time around was a backlash against all the media-types gleefully dancing on Hillary's supposed grave.

I'm just hoping at this stage that things get drug out as long as possible, giving as many people as possible a chance to vote.

geoduck January 9, 2008 - 1:50am

is that telephone polling isn't going to work for measuring Obama's support because his supporters - new voters, voters under 25, liberal professionals, highly educated voters, etc - are basically unreachable by phone unless they want to be - unlisted, screen their calls, mobile only, etc. So pollsters have to use multiplicative fudge factors for the few that they do reach.

Still - a 12% swing. That's usually reserved for last minute revelations of serious impropriety. Backlash against sexist reactions to emotional Hillary? A pamphlet on Obama's poor pro-choice record? Backlash against some of Obama's supporters playing the race card? These don't read as a 12% swing for me, but I'm interested to hear other people's impressions.

tfisb January 9, 2008 - 2:03am

Maybe the type of person who tells pollsters what they want to hear is the same type of person who is easily peer-pressured in a caucus situation into standing with the cool, young crowd (Obama). I'm sure racism had its role, but you can't deny the pressure of having to choose between standing with a bunch of old ladies and standing with a group of cool, younger people.

zyryab January 9, 2008 - 8:52am

"...I'm not a fan of Obama's, but the Bradley effect would be a very sad and unfair way for him to lose the nomination."

For someone that's bashed Obama here, in more ways I can count, I'm unimpressed with this straw man remark.

jjvannorman January 9, 2008 - 9:52am

Did the tears do it? Apparently Hillary got a lot of the late deciders and 57% of the women. Did those women see the tears, and think, "Oh, the poor dear, the men are really mean to her, lets give Hillary our support."

Zman1527 January 9, 2008 - 10:38am

(should probably call them factors, because I'm sure there were many):

- The momentum of winning Iowa was undone by the rushed schedule - NHers don't like feeling rushed and can get cranky and ornery (I know whereof I speak).

- NH didn't want to be the graveyard for Clinton's (or McCain's) career.

- NH independents had more loyalty to McCain than enthusiasm for Obama.

The Bradley effect probably played some role, but NH has a tiny black population. Racial equality was established in theory many, many years ago and they've really never had to confront it in practice. Gender equality (also long established in NH) is something they do deal with, and I think Hillary may have gotten the egalitarian vote.

Finally, NH is a really weird state. Kind of answers the question "What do you get when you cross a Vermonter with a Texan?".

update: TPM publishes this reader comment:

I have been an Obama supporter since 04, gave money to him this year, own the t-shirt, etc., etc. But the sexist bullsh-t these past days (I am a woman) from the media is making me root for her to win this tonight. The only thing I dread if she wins tonight is the inevitable story from the media that this proves that white america really won't vote for a black man, the resulting made-up defection of Obama's made-up new found black support, etc., etc.

Gordon January 9, 2008 - 11:07am

OpenLeft:

Did Obama's message of conciliatory unity cost him the New Hampshire primary? Sure looks like it. According to exit polls, 30% of Democrats identified themselves as "dissatisfied" with the Bush administration. Obama narrowly won those voters, 39%-38%. However, among the 62% of participants in the Democratic primary who described themselves as "angry" with the Bush administration, Clinton won 39%-34%. And thus, we have Clinton's 2.6% margin of victory almost precisely.

Also check out Zogby.

Gordon January 9, 2008 - 8:42pm

I was just reading this over at Yglesias:

http://matthewyglesias.theatlantic.com/archives/2008/01/how_wrong_were_the_polls.php

It appears that Obama showed with error margins to his polling, but that Clinton surpassed her polling to come up with the win.

Fraud Guy January 9, 2008 - 11:57am

The title of this thread contains an incorrect assumption. Obama did as well as he polled, Clinton just did a lot better than she polled.

The mere suggestion that outcome of the primary was due to NH Democrats being a bunch of racists is laughable at best.


“I despise ideologues masquerading as objective journalists.” - Bill O'Reilly, March 30, 2007

Mark January 9, 2008 - 9:36pm

If Edwards was Afro-American,

This theory might make sense, otherwise everybody who said they were voting for Obama did.

Another theory to consider is both IA and NH are open primaries, Republicans have been sending signals that they would prefer Obama [anti-union, pro-big business, privatize SSI, compromise with Republicans in congress...et al.] to Clinton. With the corporate owned press declaring Obama a shoe-in. Republicans felt free to vote in their party's primary.

Normally, I'd be for an open primary system, but due to the fact that certain states are first, it allows one party to dictate the others party's candidate choices...which is bad for the Democrats as the MSM is already working to limit choices to those that corporate-america deems acceptable.

If you notice, MSM hardly involves itself in the selection of Republican canidates.

S Brennan January 9, 2008 - 1:49pm

MSM hardly involves itself in the selection of Republican canidates. Ha. A number of Murdoch venues were all-Guiliani all the time until they started figuring out it was hopeless. Huckabee was tolerated until he actually started showing some numbers, then it took 48 hrs for the MSM to start examing his record (actual reporting? are you kidding?). And Sean Hannity got chased down the street by Ron Paul supporters.

Gordon January 9, 2008 - 2:06pm

Just because you don't like MSM reporting of Republicans doesn't mean they're biased to any one candidate...and why should they be...except for the non-starter nutjobs, they all drink the same Kool-Aid and regurgitate the same talking points...no Republican will ever threaten the marriage of Corporations with the State.

S Brennan January 9, 2008 - 2:35pm

In the end, corporate interests (and thus, these days, the MSM) don't give a rat's ass about the label on the candidate. It's just they have better luck with the R label.

Media in this country pretty much started as partisan rags, but it was fairly balanced - rags on both sides. For a half century or so we had somewhat of a move towards objectivity (or at least perceived objectivity - Hunter Thompson would have had no market had the media actually been objective). Thanks to Reagan & Bush, all the media's been gobbled up and it's virtually all on one side.

Yes, they manipulate the Rs. But there's usually at least one R they favor (how's the coverage of Kerik in a Murdoch paper?), so they rarely have to resort to, oh, haircut stories.

Why are R "non-starter nutjobs" perceived that way? Wouldn't you think a cross-dressing mob-connected bully should be seen that way?

No credible Republican will ever threaten the marriage of Corporations with the State. And the MSM will do their best to make sure any Dem that does is not considered credible.

Gordon January 9, 2008 - 3:34pm

Who knows? But it's going to be a good old horse race now.

PR January 9, 2008 - 2:00pm

You go to K-Mart determined to buy a Panasonic stereo. But when you get there, they've got kewl new iPods, and some other stereos you didn't know about before. You juggle all the different gadgets for awhile, falling in and out of love with each one, but when you leave, you're carrying the Panasonic stereo.

Dating and marriage would be a similar comparison, but the candidates are different sexes this time, so it gets too confused.

Soft support that tends to return to its original attraction. That's why politicians are always fishing for the magical alchemy of things to say and do. If Obama said just the right things (and he's damn good at it), he might have won New Hampshire. But maybe he said one little thing wrong (like belittling Hillary, just a bit?) and poof, most of the soft support snapped back to its original - Hillary.

We're liable to see this happen more than once, because it's difficult to criticize your opponents without sliding in a cut about their sex, race, their personal wealth, their grooming, etc. Maybe voters are looking for whichever candidate seems the most like a mature adult. Relapses into playground behavior appear to be an instant turn-off.
.
"Adapt or perish." Murphy's Law? Nope, Darwin's Guarantee.

Jimbo92107 January 9, 2008 - 2:41pm

And maybe, just maybe, they will have learned this lesson from New Hampshire and will stick to real debate about real policies and avoid all of the below the belt stuff that the electorate seems ready to reject.

hvd January 9, 2008 - 3:45pm

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