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Middle East End StatesPerhaps it's a little early, but let's examine some possible end states for the Hezbolla/Israel/Lebanon war. The exercise is useful, I think, because it makes one ask - what are the players trying to accomplish? Please add your own end states in comments. The Lebanese Army takes over the border. This seems to be one of Israel's desired end states. The idea will be to clear Hezbollah out of the border area, so that the Lebanese army can come in. Combined with quickly putting down effective social services, they could displace Hezbollah from the border. However, I think it's unlikely, and if it does happen will be both dangerous and not help Israel's security. Israel has gone too far in the bombing, and the army, which was already of split loyalties, is unlikely to want to do Israel's dirty work. More to the point, odds are that sympathetic soldiers would occasionally let Hezbollah through and that a poor Lebanon that wants to rebuild will find it convenient to let Hezbollah back in to take care of the schools, clinics, garbage and so on - and once the civilian wing is in, the military wing will soon follow. And, of course, this isn't happening unless Hezbollah agrees, since the army is not willing to fight Hezbollah. However, it's still a sop that can be thrown in the end game negotiations if Israel realizes it isn't going to destroy Hezbollah and decides it's not willing to occupy Southern Lebanon again. An International force takes over border (or an international force plus Lebanese Army). This seems to be being considered by some world leaders. It would require a substantial and longstanding military commitment, and those troops would have to be allowed to shoot people. That sort of situation has a way of spiralling out of control, but there are some very nasty countries that do a lot of the UN's peacekeeping who would be willing to do it. Or, it could be done right, but then you have to come up with money. An international force takes over border and disarms Hezbollah. What this really means is that a large international force has to take over the security of all of southern Lebanon. Disarming, as a practical matter, means getting rid of heavy weapons, missiles and so on, but not small arms, caches of which are pretty much impossible to clear out entirely. There are two strategies here for administration - you can let Hezbollah administer for you, and use your leverage to slowly move them in a more accomodating direction, or you can administer yourself, setting up your own clinics, schools and so on. The problem with the second, as usual, is that it costs a lot and is a lot of work, and most countries don't have the patience or the money. If they won't give enough money for Afghanistan, will they for Lebanon? Maybe - because countries like France and Italy have long run interests in Lebanon. Still, not very likely, but not impossible. Civil War In many respects the original Israeli plan seemed to be to set Lebanese factions against each other, like they did in 82. Unfortunately for them they both overbombed, including hitting non Shi'ite targets and the Lebanese appear to have learned that civil war is worse than invasion. Not to say it's impossible, but I judge it unlikely at this point. If the Israelis do invade and the Lebanese army is fully comitted against them I think it will become very very unlikely. The Israelis will have managed to do what Lebanese couldn't - unite the country. From a humanitarian perspective civil war is the worst possible income. Even a partial occupation and a long guerilla war would have less casualties, less atrocities and more hope for a future Lebanon worth having once the Israelis were forced to leave. Israeli occupation of a dead-zone strip in Southern Lebanon. Israel has displaced over 500,000 civilians so far. The idea in this scenario is not to reoccupy all of Southern Lebanon, but to reoccupy a strip which is completely depopulated - never let them back in, so Hezbollah has no civilians to use as cover in a guerilla war and voila you have a buffer zone between Israel and Hezbollah that is an excellent killing ground. Missiles can still hit, but other sorts of attacks become much more difficult. A humanitarian sore, and the civilians will destablize Beiruit and the Lebanese government (and not in any way good for Israel) but militarily, it's a very elegant, albeit partial, solution. Israeli reoccupation of Southern Lebanon. The problem with just taking the border area is that the missiles can still reach. If Hezbollah can still get missiles, they can still hit Israel. If Israel is actually serious about making missile attacks on northern Israel impossible they'll have to take most of southern Lebanon. The logic is pretty inexorable and will be hard to resist. Now the Israelis know that reoccupying that much land means a long guerilla war that they'll lose. But... that doesn't mean they won't do it, because they may decide it's the least of a bunch of bad options. The War Spreads If Israel decides the real problem is Syria and attacks, then all bets are off. At that point Iran may intervene as well, and their intervention is likely to be to put pressure on the US, in Iraq, and perhaps through oil warfare. Status Quo In the end Hezbollah remains in charge of southern Lebanon, Israel stops the bombing, some sort of half assed peace is made and Lebanon starts rebuilding while Hezbollah starts rearming. The ball is kicked back a couple years, but the principal actors all hate each other more than they did before it all started. It should be noted that the governments of most of the Muslim nations in the neighbourhood have been very embarassed by this. Their condemnation of Hezbollah and cautious support of Israel has not gone across well with their own populations. They are in a no-win situation. If Hezbollah actually is crushed, then they are weaklings who did nothing while fellow Muslims were attacked by Israel. If Hezbollah ekes out something they can call a victory then Hezbollah has done what none of them could, or had the guts to even try to do. That too will weaken them, and encourage Muslims to turn to groups like Hezbollah to achieve their own goals. You'll notice that one outcome I didn't include is "Hezbollah is destroyed". If Israel couldn't destroy them when they occupied the area I don't see them beng able to do it now. The best they can do is weaken them. In any case - do you have any different end states to suggest, or which of the end-states above do you think is most likely, and why? Ian Welsh July 22, 2006 - 12:16am
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