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Is Hezbollah in the Sweet Spot?Billmon, in a typically good essay writes something I want to riff off of, about Hezbollah.
Hezbollah is a state. One of the reasons that people have trouble analyzing situations is that see the forms, not the underlying reality. Because in our world a "State" is whatever other States recognize as a State, and because no country recognizes Hezbollah as a state, people treat it as if it isn't a State. But the basic function of a state, as defined by Weber (in my opinion, correctly) is the monopoly of violence in its geographical area. Hezbollah has that. It runs the military and law and order in its region. As I keep pointing out, the reason "Lebanon" has not disarmed Hezbollah, is that "Lebanon" would lose to Hezbollah in a straight up confrontation. Hezbollah fulfills the other functions of a state - it provides social services for its citizens - it runs the schools, it runs the hospitals. In many places it picks up the bloody garbage. It is the state in Southern "Lebanon". Now you're probably noticing the way I keep putting quotation marks around "Lebanon". And it's probably irritating you. So, by the Weberian definition, does Lebanon have a monopoly on violence within its borders? Well, it doesn't in the Hezbollah dominated south. And until just recently, it didn't anywhere else. Syria did. And these days, while I suppose it has a monopoly of force in non-Hezbollah areas, we all know that if France and the US weren't underwriting Lebanon's security the Syrians could just walk back in. And I doubt the Lebanese army would even bother to pretend to fight. A state is what a state does. The Islamic Courts Union is a state, whether or not the UN recognizes it. It controls violence and provides justice, hospitals and schools in the areas of Somalia it controls. The UN backed interim government, is not a state, because it does not control any land outside of one town and requires outside support (and military) to survive. If other nations cut it loose, the ICU could wipe it off the map in a week. Hamas was (and probably still is) a proto-state. It wasn't quite there, because it didn't have a monopoly on violence, but it was one of the competitors. In addition to that it ran schools, clinics and helped feed the population until Israel decided it'd rather have the UN do that, thanks. It also had a reputation for not being corrupt, which the PLO did not. Which, by the way, is why Hamas ran - they ran, believe it or not, on a good government platform. And people believed them, because they already ran a... good government. In Iraq, when things went to hell the various militias, tribal chieftains and religious leaders were the ones who created what law there was. The Sadrists were the ones who completed what repairs were done on the generators for Sadr city - not the government of Iraq, and not the Americans. In Sadr city, and various other areas, the Sadrists are much more of a government than the so-called "government of Iraq" is. One key to winning so-called fourth generation war (which is just guerilla warfare + the effects of information technology) is the support of your people. What bin Laden learned, and he has himself spoken of this, from the Afghanis, was that if you never give up, you will eventually win. In the eighties the Arabs went to Afghanistan and they weren't just willing to die, they pretty much wanted to. The Afghanis had no time for that crap. If they couldn't win a fight, they faded away, and came back and fought another day. And another day. And another. And another. And another. And eventually the Soviets got sick of it and left. It's not that the Afghanis won major open field battles against the Soviets, they didn't. They just wore them down with a war of a thousand tiny cuts. And that's one of the things it takes to win at fourth generation warfare. Patience, endurance, a willingness to take a beating and not say "it ain't worth it." That endurance cannot just be a trait of the organization ostensibly doing the fighting, whether it be Hamas, or Hezbollah or the Taliban or various Iraqi insurgency groups. It has to be a characteristic of their supporting population. And the way you get that support from your population is by being there for them. By taking care of them. The hard core of the Taliban are who? They're the kids, the orphans, that the Pakistani madrassas raised. The kids the Pakistani state would have let die. The Taliban was there for them when they needed it, Allah was there for them when they needed him. And if you say "well the Madrassas did it because they want to use them" you're only half right, and who cares? They were there - and we weren't. And I'm not going to tell someone who was thrown out with the trash, only to be taken in and cared for, that they aren't right to support those who actually took care of them when they needed it. When Israel invaded Lebanon, were the Lebanese Christians and the Druze and Sunni there for the Shia? No, no one was there for them. So they created Hezbollah and they took care of themselves through the government they themselves created (with a bit of help from Syria and Iran). Through the state, they themselves created. During occupation they somehow managed to feed themselves, to set up schools, to set up hospitals, to fight back against their occupiers. And now you expect them to give that up? At the behest of some "government" in Beiruit, mostly made up of all the people who not only couldn't be bothered to help them when Israel invaded and occupied them, but actually killed them? A government that is a proxy for France and the US, two nations who did nothing for them when they were in their decades of need? In other words, do you think they're stupid? Do you think they're insane? Why would they give up the government they created to govern themselves? And that's the key. And it's nothing new. The classic defintion of victory in war is breaking either your opponents will to fight, or their ability to fight. The key to fourth generation warfare that Hezbollah has found is just this: take care of your people, and they will take care of you. Because they will see you, as them. And if you are the population, the only thing that can defeat you is destroying the population - or breaking that identification. And against a foe like Israel, that means while you can be hurt, you cannot be defeated. Ian Welsh July 15, 2006 - 11:06pm
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