Is Hezbollah in the Sweet Spot?


Billmon, in a typically good essay writes something I want to riff off of, about Hezbollah.

(In that sense, Hezbollah may have found the sweet spot in Fourth Generation War: It isn't a state and doesn't carry the political or defensive burdens of one, but it controls enough territory, commands enough popular loyalty and has enough allies to mount some fairly sophisticated military operations, using both conventional and nonconventional weapons. It's powerful enough to be successful -- and be seen as successful -- but not so powerful that state actors like Israel can fight it on equal terms. We may be looking at the New Model Army of the 21st century.)

Hezbollah is a state. One of the reasons that people have trouble analyzing situations is that see the forms, not the underlying reality. Because in our world a "State" is whatever other States recognize as a State, and because no country recognizes Hezbollah as a state, people treat it as if it isn't a State.

But the basic function of a state, as defined by Weber (in my opinion, correctly) is the monopoly of violence in its geographical area. Hezbollah has that. It runs the military and law and order in its region. As I keep pointing out, the reason "Lebanon" has not disarmed Hezbollah, is that "Lebanon" would lose to Hezbollah in a straight up confrontation.

Hezbollah fulfills the other functions of a state - it provides social services for its citizens - it runs the schools, it runs the hospitals. In many places it picks up the bloody garbage. It is the state in Southern "Lebanon".

Now you're probably noticing the way I keep putting quotation marks around "Lebanon". And it's probably irritating you. So, by the Weberian definition, does Lebanon have a monopoly on violence within its borders? Well, it doesn't in the Hezbollah dominated south. And until just recently, it didn't anywhere else. Syria did. And these days, while I suppose it has a monopoly of force in non-Hezbollah areas, we all know that if France and the US weren't underwriting Lebanon's security the Syrians could just walk back in. And I doubt the Lebanese army would even bother to pretend to fight.

A state is what a state does. The Islamic Courts Union is a state, whether or not the UN recognizes it. It controls violence and provides justice, hospitals and schools in the areas of Somalia it controls. The UN backed interim government, is not a state, because it does not control any land outside of one town and requires outside support (and military) to survive. If other nations cut it loose, the ICU could wipe it off the map in a week.

Hamas was (and probably still is) a proto-state. It wasn't quite there, because it didn't have a monopoly on violence, but it was one of the competitors. In addition to that it ran schools, clinics and helped feed the population until Israel decided it'd rather have the UN do that, thanks. It also had a reputation for not being corrupt, which the PLO did not. Which, by the way, is why Hamas ran - they ran, believe it or not, on a good government platform. And people believed them, because they already ran a... good government.

In Iraq, when things went to hell the various militias, tribal chieftains and religious leaders were the ones who created what law there was. The Sadrists were the ones who completed what repairs were done on the generators for Sadr city - not the government of Iraq, and not the Americans. In Sadr city, and various other areas, the Sadrists are much more of a government than the so-called "government of Iraq" is.

One key to winning so-called fourth generation war (which is just guerilla warfare + the effects of information technology) is the support of your people. What bin Laden learned, and he has himself spoken of this, from the Afghanis, was that if you never give up, you will eventually win. In the eighties the Arabs went to Afghanistan and they weren't just willing to die, they pretty much wanted to. The Afghanis had no time for that crap. If they couldn't win a fight, they faded away, and came back and fought another day. And another day. And another. And another. And another. And eventually the Soviets got sick of it and left. It's not that the Afghanis won major open field battles against the Soviets, they didn't. They just wore them down with a war of a thousand tiny cuts.

And that's one of the things it takes to win at fourth generation warfare. Patience, endurance, a willingness to take a beating and not say "it ain't worth it." That endurance cannot just be a trait of the organization ostensibly doing the fighting, whether it be Hamas, or Hezbollah or the Taliban or various Iraqi insurgency groups. It has to be a characteristic of their supporting population.

And the way you get that support from your population is by being there for them. By taking care of them. The hard core of the Taliban are who? They're the kids, the orphans, that the Pakistani madrassas raised. The kids the Pakistani state would have let die. The Taliban was there for them when they needed it, Allah was there for them when they needed him. And if you say "well the Madrassas did it because they want to use them" you're only half right, and who cares? They were there - and we weren't. And I'm not going to tell someone who was thrown out with the trash, only to be taken in and cared for, that they aren't right to support those who actually took care of them when they needed it.

When Israel invaded Lebanon, were the Lebanese Christians and the Druze and Sunni there for the Shia? No, no one was there for them. So they created Hezbollah and they took care of themselves through the government they themselves created (with a bit of help from Syria and Iran). Through the state, they themselves created. During occupation they somehow managed to feed themselves, to set up schools, to set up hospitals, to fight back against their occupiers.

And now you expect them to give that up? At the behest of some "government" in Beiruit, mostly made up of all the people who not only couldn't be bothered to help them when Israel invaded and occupied them, but actually killed them? A government that is a proxy for France and the US, two nations who did nothing for them when they were in their decades of need?

In other words, do you think they're stupid? Do you think they're insane? Why would they give up the government they created to govern themselves?

And that's the key. And it's nothing new. The classic defintion of victory in war is breaking either your opponents will to fight, or their ability to fight.

The key to fourth generation warfare that Hezbollah has found is just this: take care of your people, and they will take care of you. Because they will see you, as them. And if you are the population, the only thing that can defeat you is destroying the population - or breaking that identification. And against a foe like Israel, that means while you can be hurt, you cannot be defeated.


Ian Welsh July 15, 2006 - 11:06pm

Your post was proven so nakedly today when "Lebanon's" Fouad Siniora held his press conference, which was so emotional, but nakedly pleading. In addition, Hezbollah's strength against Israel, almost sinking one of their ships, took Olmert and Bush by surprise. The game has changed, no doubt. That Israel is making matters worse for the U.S. should not be ignored as a small event. It's treachery from someone who is supposed to be our ally.

blog: www.taylormarsh.com

Taylor Marsh July 16, 2006 - 12:32am

This will be informative to watch, as many mainstream prognosticators seem to be predicting that this will turn Lebaneese opinion firmly againse Hezbollah (Hisballah?) and render them weaker if not defunct.

I tend to lean more towards your camp, in the sense that I think that the Lebaneese will more or less blame Israel when Israel blows them up. Depending on how it shakes out, Hezbollah could end up marginalized for their role as provocateurs, but they could also end up lionized. In particular, it seems like within "their territory" they seem unlikely to loose their popular support, but then again the IDF is getting ready to roll in full-bore, so who knows what the ultimate outcome will be there.

Is gas $4 a gallon yet?

Josh Koenig July 16, 2006 - 12:36am

I'm not sure the Lebanese will back Hezbollah. But I am sure the majority of the Lebanese Shia will.

I hope the other Lebanese do, not becasue I think Hezbollah is "right" in this, but because it will indicate that they see themselves as a country, that they identify with the southern Shia of Hezbollah. And if they stand together, and don't let outside forces use them against each other, they might not descend into civil war again.

Ian Welsh July 16, 2006 - 1:12am

Cedar Revolution at Colonel Pat Lang's blog.

True, Hezbollah has only 14 seats, but read the comments. Colonel Lang explains how Hezbollah's total seats command more influence in the Lebanese parliament than the number of seats they have. He explains it quite well. He also states, Arab Lebanese hate Iraeli's as much as they hate them.

My sense is Hezbollah will grow in the number of seats they will get in the next election.

canuck July 16, 2006 - 1:53am

I imagine right now that a lot of Lebanese are wishing both sides would go away. Problem is, the people asking, "Are you with Us, or with Them?" are always holding a weapon when they ask you.

Is it too late to advocate gun control in the Middle East?

"Death before being dishonored any more." - Col. Ted Westhusing

Jimbo92107 July 16, 2006 - 1:05am

This is a great column. This is how it starts: Hasan Nasrallah is exactly where he always wanted to be. Congratulations, P.M. Olmert, you helped put him there.

Taylor Marsh July 16, 2006 - 1:08am

Scathing critique

This isn't directly related, but none the less topical:

I watched a programme tonight on the History channel about Major General LeMay. It's title was, “Baiting the Bear”. LeMay, the SAC commander, was referred to just before he retired as, “The Culture of Destruction” I was shocked to learn under his command a test missile had been fired and aimed at Russia—he had deliberately attempted to provoke Russia. He probably wasn’t the first General to advocate ‘Preventative War’ by thinking the United States had total missile superiority--they felt they could literally wipe Russia off the map. This SAC commander hid details of JSCP from President Eisenhower. He launched a mission May 8, 1954 without advising the President what he had done. His mission was called, “Project Control.”

Thank goodness Dulles and Booie (spelling?) were against the military plan pointing out that it wasn’t sound or wise and would have led to all out world war. LeMay and General Power’s strategy would not have destroyed all the Russian silos. President Kennedy during the missile crisis was heard to remark, “Are these guys (military) human?”

If you will recall when President Eisenhower left office he gave a warning that the military must be commanded by civilians. It was a very disturbing historical documentary to watch.

LeMay and General Power retired in 1964. It was felt when LeMay ran with George Wallis as his Vice Presidential choice, he was responsible for the loss of Wallis's popularity.
-----

Israel appears to be taking pages from the neocons and General LeMay’s books. Israel continues to use massive force to assert their authority. Perhaps their technologically advanced weapons trick them into believing they can be used against guerilla forces. Arms superiority didn't work in Viet Nam, isn't in Iraq and/or against Israel's foe, Hezbolla and Hamas. Wiser Generals, almost always stress 'more than enough' boots on the ground. They don't make the mistake of overemphasizing the effect of drones and unarmed missiles.

canuck July 16, 2006 - 1:11am

Eisenhower himself ordered a north pole flyover of four bomber aircraft that had been retro-fitted with sensors into the Soviet Union. This is from Bamford's Body of Secrets. The scary part of the story is that if the Soviets _had_ noticed them, with radar or whatever, they would have not easily seen that they were not, in fact, carrying bombs.

As for "Bombs Away With" Curtis LeMay and George Wallace only won the Deep South for a reason and that reason was racism.

JoshNarins July 16, 2006 - 7:41am

There is something distinctly self-congratulatory and delusional in these comments that see Hizballa as possibly winning this altercation. The real reason they can't "win" is that Israel has no where to go. Unlike all these other conflicts where the invading army could bbe out guerrillaed, Israel is staying put and can not let these "freedom fighters" dictate whether people in Israel can live safely or not. Personally I am very happy to see them punish these megalomaniacal terrorists.

Pailo July 16, 2006 - 7:38am

Hezbollah only has to eject Israel (again) to "win."

To deny that there is a wish, on the part of anti-Israeli participants, that this widens into a multi-lateral Arab war that eventually destroys Israel would be foolish.

But how many are actually expecting such a thing? Jordan and Egypt are pretty much out. That leaves only Syria with direct access. Iraq is out. Iran is surrounded on two sides by US troops. KSA has nothing immediate to gain from it.

JoshNarins July 16, 2006 - 7:48am

How long did that take last time? About 20 years? At the beginning of the tenure of the most left leaning PM in Israel's history. A PM that later completely caved in his attitude when he realized what a piece of work Arafat was.

I hope Israel doesn't occupy and Lebanon ultimately has the capacity to act as a sovereign nation that can reign in these megalomanical forces and finally allow the country to prosper again like it did in the 70s. Now that Syria has officially absconded and the public opinion there is strong enough to limit their impact on the country it is time to teach those that welcomed that outside influence that they can not act with impunity anymore.

About Syria, they would have to be seriously crazy (like Iran) to get in on the action now, which I kind of doubt that they are.

Pailo July 16, 2006 - 8:44am

Some would say that bogging down the IDF in a protracted guerilla conflict which trains more militants and drives popular support throughout the region would be a strategic "win" for Hezbollah.

Israel is in a bad position. They cannot "win" unless they can break Hezbollah. This is pretty unlikely.

A "draw" between a state with an advanced military and a proto-state militia is a "win" for the proto-state, I'm afraid.

Josh Koenig July 16, 2006 - 12:55pm

Time is GMT + 8 hours
Posted: 16 July 2006 2255 hrs

Syria vows to respond directly to any Israeli strike

AFP/CNA

DAMASCUS : Syria has warned it would respond directly and by all means necessary to any Israeli attack on its territory, in its first official reaction to Israel's offensive on neighbouring Lebanon.

The warning on Sunday coincided with a similar threat by Damascus's key ally Iran, and came amid rising fears that the Middle East is being dragged deeper into the spiralling conflict sparked by the capture of Israeli soldiers by militants linked to Hamas and Hezbollah.

"Any Israeli attack against Syria will provoke an unlimited, direct and firm response using all means necessary," Information Minister Mohsen Bilal told the official SANA news agency.

Iran also warned arch-enemy Israel of "unimaginable losses" if it attacked Syria and vowed that it was standing by the Syrian people.

"We hope the Zionist regime does not make the mistake of attacking Syria, because extending the front would definitely make the Zionist regime face unimaginable losses," foreign ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi told reporters in Tehran.

Israel said one of the rockets fired Sunday by Hezbollah guerrillas on Israel's third-largest city of Haifa, killing eight people, may have been Syrian-made.

"There is a possibility that one of the rockets was made in Syria," a senior military official told reporters following the deadliest cross-border attack in decades.

"Maybe Hezbollah wants to involve Syria in this mess," he said. "It could be a big advantage for Hezbollah to open a third front against Israel."

Israel had said a day earlier that Syria was not a target in its offensive, after firing rockets close to the Lebanese-Syrian border.

Damascus denied its territory had been hit.

The escalating Middle East conflict is central to discussions at a G8 summit of world leaders, and Russia has warned of a "real threat" that the Middle East crisis could widen.

Syria's official media on Sunday denounced "the silence" of Arab countries amid the deadly Israeli offensive in Lebanon, launched on Wednesday after two soldiers were captured by militants from the Lebanese Shiite Hezbollah movement.

"Silence has become the ideal reaction for Arab regimes when they find nothing to say that will satisfy their grand masters," the state daily Ath-Thawra said.

"Those who have expressed doubts over the actions of the resistance are in one way or another implicated in the (Israeli) aggression against Beirut and Gaza."

The newspaper was referring to Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan which indirectly criticised Hezbollah for "adventurism" in provoking Israel's onslaught on Lebanon and putting all Arab nations at risk.

Another Syrian government daily, Tishrin, accused Israel and the United States of waging war in order to gain total control over the region.

"After having achieved the destruction of Iraq and sabotaged all efforts to solve the Israeli-Arab conflict and find a just peace in the region, the US administration has given its green light to the Israeli government of Ehud Olmert to burn down the region beginning with Gaza and Lebanon," Tishrin said.

"This is part of an Israeli-American plan for total hegemony in the region."

Syria, which backs but denies arming Hezbollah, was the long-time power-broker in Lebanon until an international outcry over the assassination of five-time premier Rafiq Hariri forced it to withdraw its troops last year. - AFP/de

Tina July 16, 2006 - 1:05pm

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